Manoid: A Waste Management Robot

A Smart Waste Management Robot using Python and OpenCV that can detect the nearest waste(Determined by an no 8 ArUco Marker in the video), navigate to it using the shortest path on the map, pick it(Denoted by a 5 second stop in the video) and reach the destination(Determined By no 5 Aruco Marker in the video) to dump it and again repeat the process if more waste is detected; with only sensor being an overhead camera tracking the ArUco Markers.

In the video, I am picking the robot up sometimes to keep it on a new position to show that it can track it's last position and go directly there instead of trying to calculate the route again.

In today's world, efficient waste management is becoming increasingly crucial due to rapid urbanization and population growth. Traditional methods of waste collection and dumping are labor-intensive and often inefficient. By integrating robotics and advanced algorithms, we can streamline these processes, reduce human effort, and ensure a cleaner environment. This project, 'manoid', aims to demonstrate how a robot can autonomously detect, navigate, and manage waste using only a single overhead camera and advanced computer vision techniques.

Let's see how it was made.

Requirements:

Basic Setup

Setting Up Arduino IDE

To install the ESP32 board in your Arduino IDE, follow these instructions:

1. In your Arduino IDE, go to File > Preferences.
2. Enter the following into the “Additional Board Manager URLs” field:

  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/gh-pages/package_esp32_index.json

3. Click the “OK” button.
4. Open the Boards Manager. Go to Tools > Board > Boards Manager.
5. Search for ESP32 and press the install button for the “ESP32 by Espressif Systems”.
6. Once installed, select your ESP32 board in Tools > Board menu.
7. Select the appropriate Port in Tools > Port menu (in my case it was the DOIT ESP32 DEVKIT V1).

Now your Arduino IDE is set up to work with ESP32.

Setting Up The Environment

I've got my environment all sorted out with Nix and Nix Flake, and I've made it even easier with direnv activation. Mosquitto's up and running smoothly on its default port 1883. python and it's dependencies opencv,numpy,paho-mqtt and flask in a virtual environment are set up via nix flakes as well. You can look at the nix documentation to know more about how it works.

To set it up:

1. I assume that nix is installed with flakes enabled on your computer.
2. Clone the repo and enter the environment by running nix develop or allowing direnv to do it for you if you have it installed.

  git clone https://github.com/scientiac/manoid

3. A MQTT server will be running as soon as you enter the environment on the default port of 1883 and you can check the logs using the screen command.
4. Change parameters to match your device and make sure everything in on point.
5. Run the main.py script and admire the magic.

Changing Parameters

When adjusting parameters due to dynamic changes in Wi-Fi or IP addresses, several key locations in the code need to be updated to ensure MQTT and IP camera is properly connected. Here's a breakdown of where to make these adjustments:

In the esp32.ino file:

  const char* ssid = "Your_WIFI_SSID";
  const char* password = "Your_WIFI_Password";
  const char* mqtt_server = "Your_MQTT_Server_IP";

In the main.py file:

  MQTT_BROKER = "Your_MQTT_Server_IP" # this is at the top of the document
  args=("http://Your_IP_Camera_feed_Address",) # this is almost at the end of the document
  
  # to use a usb camera 
  args=(0,), # this can be used and the camera may have ID other than `0` so make sure to check that

Tuning the motors is essential because it directly impacts the robot's movement, responsiveness, and overall efficiency. Factors such as the size, power, and weight distribution of the robot, as well as the surface it operates on, can all influence how the motors should be configured.

In the esp32.py file:

  # Tuning the motors
  int left_min_pwm_forward = 110;
  int left_min_pwm_backward = 115;
  int right_min_pwm_forward = 110;
  int right_min_pwm_backward = 115;

In the main.py file (tuning PID settings):

  robot_settings = {
      6: {  
          # Robot ID 6
          "P_left": 0.8,
          "P_right": 0.8,
          "P_center": 0.4,
          "I_left": 0.01,
          "I_right": 0.01,
          "I_center": 0.01,
          "D_left": 0.001,
          "D_right": 0.001,
          "D_center": 0.001,
          "backward_speed_left": 10,
          "backward_speed_right": 10,
          "left_prev_error": 0,
          "right_prev_error": 0,
          "center_prev_error": 0,
          "dt": 0.3,
      }
  }

Making the bot:

1. Assemble the bot following the diagram below:

2. Then open the file inside the project directory on etc/esp32/esp32.ino on your Arduino IDE set up to work with esp32 and change the parameters to fit your environment.
3. And finally flash it!

You can test the bot manually by connecting to the mqtt server using an application (like MyMQTT on android) and sending values from 0 to 255 to the topics :
/robot6_left_forward
/robot6_left_backward
/robot6_right_forward
/robot6_right_backard
where 0 being the wheels at no speed and 255 being the max speed

What is in the code?

The Functions, duh!

Finally

Testing

To test only the main.py file for it's pathfinding capabilities, you can run the ./pngstream.py file in the etc directory and put http://127.0.0.1:5000/video_feed on the following placeholder in main.py:

    args=("http://Your_IP_Camera_feed_Address",) # this is almost at the end of the document

and then run main.py. This will open up a window with the png showing the detected path in the screen along with detecting all the ArUco markers. If only the markers are detected and the path doesn't show up, it can be assumed that the code isn't working corrctly.

I suggest testing this way as soon as nix finishes setting the environment and keep testing the code like this to minimize the need to test it physically.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

• Connection Problems: If the robot fails to connect to the MQTT broker, double-check your Wi-Fi credentials and ensure the broker's IP address is correct in both the ESP32 firmware and main.py. (The main.py script will print errors if something isn't properly connected.)
• Movement Issues: If the robot's movements are erratic or it doesn't move as expected, recheck the motor connections and ensure the PWM values are correctly tuned in main.py and esp32.ino.
• Marker Detection Failures: If the robot cannot detect ArUco markers, ensure the camera feed is clear and unobstructed. Adjust the camera's focus and lighting conditions to improve detection accuracy."

Possible Improvements

1. In my pathfinding algorithm, I don't search for the diagonal paths which lengthens the "short path" as I wanted the robot to face the waste or the destination from either sides of the square and not the corners.
2. Making swarm robots instead of using only one.
3. Making the code object-oriented.
4. Adding grippers to grab the waste instead of the 5-second delay and drop the waste on its destination.

We had added the functionalities of gripping and swarm navigation when using this bot on a Robotics Competition in Nepal called Yantra Swarmanoid but decided to remove it on this showcase, though the code to grab and drop the waste is still in there in 'main.py'.